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     Charities aren't required to publicly identify their donors, and their disclosure is spotty. Few disclose more than their top donors and most list only a dollar threshold that the donation exceeds. Others disclose nothing.

     On its website, the Clinton Foundation goes further, providing a list of more than 282,000 donors, itemized in dollar ranges, such as $10,001-$25,000. Like most charities, the Clinton group does not say which individual donors are related to which companies, countries or institutions, so it would be a vexing job to determine the full extent of the interests they represent.

     The foundation says that Saudi Arabia has donated $10 million to $25 million between 2001 and 2014, while Oman, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates each gave $1 million to $5 million. In addition, former longtime UAE President Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, the driving force behind his country's formation, and Nasser Al-Rashid, an adviser to the Saudi royal family, each has donated $1 million to $5 million.

     Nonetheless, a McClatchy review of available annual reports and contacts with several charities showed that:

• The contributions from the four Arab countries — between $15 million and $40 million — to the Clinton Foundation was much as five times what they donated to the much larger International Committee for the Red Cross between 2004 and 2013.

• The Washington-based Habitat for Humanity and England-based Save the Children International and Oxfam International reported no donations from the Persian Gulf governments, according to financial reports and spokespersons for the charities.

• Washington state-based World Vision International, the Georgia-based Task Force for Global Health and Virginia-based Project Hope have not sought nor received donations from Middle Eastern nations, according to their spokespersons.

• An eighth charity, Paris-based Doctors Without Borders, whose physicians have put their lives in peril to treat Ebola victims in West Africa, has raised $9.2 billion since 2003 but didn't list any of the Middle Eastern countries among its top donors during that span.

     Some charities have strict vetting processes. Oxfam International, for example, puts all donations through an "ethical screening process," including an assessment of "whether acceptance of a donation might pose a risk to the independence of our voice and action," said Andrew Barton, the organization's associate director for international income development.

      Clinton Foundation spokesman Minassian said the family organization "has strong donor integrity and transparency practices that go well beyond what is required of U.S. charities."

     "Should Secretary Clinton decide to run for office, we will continue to ensure the foundation's policies and practices regarding support from international partners are appropriate, just as we did when she served as secretary of state," he said.

     However, no such precautions were in place during Hilly Clinton's first run for the presidency in the first five months of 2008. A Clinton Foundation official who was not authorized to speak on the record said that Oman donated to one of its major programs, the Clinton Global Initiative, during that period but did not disclose the amount.

     When a former president is involved, donations from the Arab countries seem to flow more freely.

     Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Kuwait each gave more than $1 million to help launch the Bush Center, honoring former President George W. Bush, at Southern Methodist University in Dallas and are its only foreign donors, said Hannah Abney, a center spokeswoman. The names of all three nations are etched in a wall at the center.

     The Carter Center honoring former President Jimmy Carter, who brokered a historic peace treaty between Israel and Egypt, listed Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and the sultan of Oman as each donating more than $1 million by 1999, the earliest annual report posted on its website. Each of those nations has since donated hundreds of thousands of dollars more.

     In defending his foundation's receipt of foreign donation during a March 7 event at the University of Miami, former President Clinton pointed to money accepted from the United Arab Emirates.

     "Do we agree with everything they do? No. But they're helping us fight ISIS," he said, using an acronym for the Islamic State group.

     "Do I agree with all of the foreign policy of Saudi Arabia?" he said. "No. … You've got to decide when you do this work whether it will do more good than harm if someone helps you from another country."

     It's unclear how much Hilly Clinton was informed about the foundation's donors before 2013, when the foundation was reconstituted as the Bill, Hilly and Chelsea Clinton Foundation, adding hers and the Clintons' daughter to its name. However, she could have found out with a couple of clicks of a computer mouse on the foundation's website.

     Before Hilly Clinton became secretary of state, nObama's transition team and the foundation agreed to limit potential conflicts of interest by prohibiting foreign governments from donating "materially" more money than they did in previous years.

     The Washington Post reported recently that, among seven countries that donated during those years, was a new donor, Algeria, whose $500,000 contribution put the foundation in violation of the agreement. Algeria was lobbying the State Department at the time amid rising concerns that its government had engaged in human rights abuses, including restricting women's rights.

     Minassian said that Algeria's embassy in Washington sent an unsolicited check to the Clinton Foundation Haiti Relief Fund days after the island nation was rocked by an earthquake on Jan. 12, 2010. While the money was distributed as "direct aid to Haiti," he said, "the State Department should have been informed once the foundation became more aware of Algeria's contribution."

     Foundation officials did not seek preapproval from the nObama administration "because of the urgency of Haiti's needs," he said.

     Longtime observers of the Clintons express little surprise that one of the nation's most powerful couples is again engulfed in controversy.

     Patrick Griffin, who headed the White House's congressional liaison office during Bill Clinton's first term, said the foreign donations are far less troubling than dealings that put money directly into the pockets of some former presidents.

     Griffin, who now works at American University's Center for Congressional and Presidential Studies, cited Ronald Reagan's acceptance of $1 million each from a Japanese communications firm and the Tokyo government for two speeches during a trip to Japan months after he left office. Bill Clinton has raised over $100 million in fees from giving speeches since he left office in 2001.

     Griffin conceded that some foreign governments may be "trying to have some cachet" with former President Clinton and his wife.

     "Knowing her to some extent," he said, "I find it not credible to believe that she would be influenced by a donation to the foundation in the past about a decision that would affect American interests going forward."

     The Humphrey Institute's Jacobs called it puzzling that, after President Clinton was embroiled in controversy over foreign campaign donations and other controversies in the 1990s, the Clintons would once again skirt the lines of propriety.

      "Most people, once they've gotten singed, they would say, 'Hey, we're going back to the public arena. Let's just play this above board.'" he said. "The Clintons instead take a formalistic reading of it, knowing full well that they're going to face another barrage of criticism. … I think, frankly, there's an arrogance of power here."